Exosome-Derived Biomarkers in Carcinogenesis and Tumor Microenvironment Communication

Abstract

Exosomes, small vesicles secreted by various cell types, have garnered significant attention in recent years for their role in intercellular communication. As key mediators of the tumor microenvironment (TME), exosomes are involved in multiple aspects of carcinogenesis, including immune evasion, metastasis, and tumor progression. They are enriched with biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA, that reflect the pathological state of their cell of origin, making them promising candidates for non-invasive biomarkers in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic monitoring. This paper explores the emerging roles of exosome-derived biomarkers in carcinogenesis and their impact on the TME, highlighting their potential utility in clinical applications. We provide an in-depth analysis of the molecular signatures carried by exosomes from tumor cells and their influence on surrounding stromal cells, immune cells, and the extracellular matrix. Additionally, we discuss the current challenges in utilizing exosome-based biomarkers and outline future directions for enhancing their diagnostic and therapeutic value in oncology.